LOS ANGELES (Diya TV) — A new study from the University of California, Los Angeles, raises concerns about how U.S. building codes may be driving up housing costs while limiting innovation. The research finds that current rules often lack proper cost-benefit analysis. As a result, mid-rise buildings in the United States cost about 55% more per square foot than single-family homes — a gap not seen in other wealthy nations.
Building codes exist to protect people. They regulate materials, fire safety, stairways, and structural design. These rules help ensure buildings remain safe and usable for years. However, the study argues that some parts of the system no longer reflect modern building science.
Researchers say outdated or poorly designed rules increase construction costs and reduce flexibility for builders. The report, titled “Cracking the Code: Reclaiming Building Standards for Public Interest,” was written by Jesse Zwick of UCLA’s Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies. It examines how the code development process shapes housing affordability.
One key issue is the absence of rigorous cost-benefit analysis. Many building code changes get approved without clear data on costs or benefits. This approach creates a system where rules continue to grow but rarely get removed. Over time, these added requirements increase construction costs.
For example, a requirement for larger elevators was approved with “no cost impact” listed. In reality, a basic four-stop elevator in New York City can cost about $158,000. In Switzerland, a similar system costs around $36,000. These rising costs contribute to the growing gap between mid-rise and single-family housing prices.
The study finds that U.S. building codes often respond to specific events rather than follow broad scientific principles. This leads to a buildup of rules over time. Some requirements also reduce usable living space. Dual staircases and long corridors take up room that could otherwise serve residents. These features can limit natural light and ventilation. In contrast, other developed countries use more flexible standards. These allow builders to meet safety goals without strict design rules.
The International Code Council develops and updates most U.S. building codes. The study suggests that the process may favor certain groups. Small towns have more influence in voting, even though large cities face greater housing pressure. Industry groups also hold significant power in decision-making.
A side agreement gives homebuilders four of eleven seats on residential code panels. Meanwhile, other industries, such as concrete suppliers and plumbing groups, can slow down new technologies. The study also notes that many code officials lack engineering training. They often face consequences for safety failures, but not for increasing costs. This imbalance can encourage stricter rules.
Higher construction costs can create indirect safety risks. When housing becomes more expensive, fewer new buildings get built. As a result, more people remain in older, less safe homes. Even basic new housing would often be safer than aging structures.
Researchers estimate that a code change adding just $150 in costs could lead to 2 to 60 premature deaths each year. These effects stem from reduced spending on essentials like food, health care, and heating. Low-income households face the greatest burden. Many must choose between higher rent and other basic needs.
The study outlines several ways to improve the system. It calls for mandatory cost-benefit analysis for all code changes. This would help ensure that new rules deliver real value. It also suggests separating minimum safety standards from optional features. Builders could then choose additional upgrades based on project needs.
Another recommendation involves shifting to performance-based standards. These focus on outcomes rather than specific materials or designs. European building codes already follow this model. Finally, the study proposes more uniform national standards. This could reduce the complexity of dealing with thousands of local rules across the country.
